PAEDOPHILE INFORMATION EXCHANGE (PIE)
CHARLES NAPIER – No.116
Following on from my list of PIE members blog post, I thought I’d look at some of the depraved individuals – starting with it’s treasurer – Charles Napier, member number 116.
Charles Napier is the half brother of John Whittingdale, the Conservative MP for Maldon. It’s hard to gain any proper insight into the family logistics unless you piece together information in newspaper articles and look at the genealogy, which turns out to be an enigma in itself.
Read through the timeline of Napier’s depravity, but most importantly, please see my final – and rather important question – towards the end.
CHARLES SCOTT NAPIER
Charles was born on 1st July 1947 in Calcutta – the son of Margaret Esme (AKA ‘Meg’) Scott Napier (maiden name) and Alexander Scott Napier. I therefore think it’s safe to assume they were somehow related.
Alexander was in the Indian Political Service and was Meg’s second husband. Her first was Ephraim Stewart Cook Spence, whom she married in 1942 and divorced in 1946. Sadly, Alexander died of an illness in 1954 when Charles was just 7 years old, and Meg remarried again to John Whittingdale in 1957. They had a son – John Flasby Lawrance (now MP for Maldon) – in 1959. This explains the familial connection between John Whittingdale MP and Charles Napier, convicted self-confessed life-long paedophile – they are half brothers through their mother.
THE PAEDOPHILE YEARS – TIMELINE
- Educated: Wellington College, Wellington, Berkshire
- 1965 (approx): Joined Exeter University to study an Art degree.
- 1967-1972: Began abusing young boys.
- 1969: At the age of 22, he graduated from Exeter University with a B.A. Napier has said that it was at this point he first realised he was a paedophile, but his conviction in 2014 says it was well before this.
- 1969-1972: Teacher at Copthorne Preparatory School in West Sussex where he was eventually charged for abusing pupils between the ages of eight and 13. (One of those went on to become a mainstream press columnist, who wrote about the abuse in 2005.)
- 1972: At the age of 25, he was charged with abuse against young boys and sentenced to three years probation. (See 2014) Claimed he underwent Electric Shock Therapy in an attempt to ‘cure’ his attraction to children. Was also put onto the Department of Education’s (DoE) ‘List 99’, which banned him from teaching.
- 1972 onwards: Became a member and Treasurer of Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) following his dismissal from the school. Funds were supplied for this grotesque group by the Home Office.
- 1974-1977: Exposed in Daily Telegraph as being a member and treasurer of PIE whilst also working for Nucleus – a youth welfare organisation helping youngsters in Earls Court. Funded by a grant from Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, as well as a Swiss charity, Fondation Rejoindre, and Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and other trusts and individuals.
- 1978: Working in a junior school in Sweden, with children aged 11 years onwards. He was visited by Righton.
- 1979: Abuse of a 13-year old boy.
- Peter Righton wrote to the DoE in his capacity as a member of the National Institute of Social Workers claiming to have counselled Napier and also included a letter from a psychiatrist to confirm that Napier was no longer a threat to children. That psychiatrist was another of their paedophile ring – Dr Morris Fraser.
- 1981: Inclusion on List 99 relaxed to allow Napier to work in colleges and universities.
- 1980s: Assistant head of studies for the British Council in Cairo, during which time he wrote a letter stating that the city was “full of boys, 98 per cent of them available“.
- 1983: Abuse of a second 13-year old boy.
- 1990: Napier applied for his ban on teaching children to be lifted. His appeal failed after his referee, Morris Fraser, was himself convicted for abuse and struck off.
- 1992: Operation Clarence – police raid on Peter Righton’s home leads to the uncovering of hundreds of letters, including one in particular from Napier.
- 1994-2012 approx: Set up and help run a school in Istanbul, teaching English as a second language.
- 1995: Aged 48, he was sentenced to 9 months imprisonment following a police investigation into Peter Righton under Operation Clarence. Police found a letter at a South London flat – written by Napier – boasting of his access to young boys. He lodged an appeal, which was refused.
- 2012: Returned to live with his mother in Sherborne, where he became involved in village life.
- 2014: At the age of 67, he was sentenced to 13 years imprisonment after pleading guilty to the abuse of 21 boys between 1967-1972, following the police investigation, Operation Cayacos.
FURTHER INFORMATION:
- He was a British Council teacher in Cairo, and has boasted about easy access to young boys there, as well as sending obscene images back to the UK via diplomatic bags in a letter found in a South London flat during Op Clarence.
- Spent time living in Sweden.
- Lived in Sherborne, Dorset.
- Lived on a houseboat in Thames Ditton, Surrey.
- Also a respected playright and theatre director.
- He was a very good friend of PIE founder, Peter Righton and his partner, Richard Alston.
BACK TO WHITTINGDALE…
Whittingdale, having graduated from UCL and moved to Earls Court, joined the Conservative Research Department in 1982 (which is essentially the very core of the Tory party), eventually becoming a special adviser to Leon Brittan before then moving on to become the political secretary to Margaret Thatcher. In these positions he must have been privy to some of the paperwork or conversations surrounding the criticism of PIE and must have been aware of the continual media interest in the group.
This raises questions as to whether he was proactive in addressing and reporting these issues, knowing full well of his brother’s (Napier) role in the organisation, which is picked up in a blog comment in 2013, regarding Whittingdale, Brittan and their seeming inertia when it came to proactively dealing with issues raised in the Dickens dossier, which was handed to Brittan at the end of 1983 during a meeting that David Mellor can’t remember happening (but obviously attended):
…the point I was making that given their {Whittingdale and Leon Brittan} combined knowledge and political/ personal awareness of the seriousness of the Dickens dossier at the time… I would have been surprised if it hadn’t come up in conversation given the alleged closeness of ministers and their special advisers.
The main issue in an argument as to why John Whittingdale is such a key person to… demand answers from today remains that, as Chair of what has become in the last 3 years one of the most powerful weapons of an investigative Parliament, he took a very active and high profile stance over other institutions failing to act in the face of a dangerous paedophile {Savile}… and we must demand he and his all party Committee now adopt the same exacting standards to how this obvious cover up was allowed to continue.
A starting point would be how many referrals did he make to Police/social services over 30 years when he knew (as evidenced in letters written by Napier) that Napier was in professional contact with children and since Napier has returned to live in the family home with their mother was he aware of his contact with Sherbourne School pupils up until the Mirror featured it a few months ago.
WHICH LEADS US ON TO A BIGGER PICTURE…
The comment goes on to say:
Peter Righton and his partner disappeared after Righton’s convictions and were subsequently traced to Lord Henniker’s ancestral home in Eye in Suffolk.
The Chief Constable of Suffolk took it upon himself to visit and warn Henniker that he had 2 paedophiles with very significant national links on his property. Henniker was not in any way perturbed by this disclosure despite the fact that for many years he had had extremely vulnerable children holiday on his estate. He ran the Islington /Suffolk Project – a scheme for disadvantaged children from Islington to have country holidays in rural Suffolk.
If you Google the late Lord Henniker you will see how influential a role he played in The British Council – Righton’s very close friend/fellow PIE member Charles Napier was employed as a teacher by the British Council in Cairo even though he was already on List 99 as a banned teacher after his early conviction.
I’m not going to go any further down this particular rabbit hole, but now you can clearly see why Tom Watson stood up and asked a perfectly legitimate question, and understand why it might have made a few members of the opposing side feel slightly awkward.
AN IMPORTANT FINAL QUESTION…
Just who was the paedophile whom Tom referred to, who played a part in the conviction of Peter Righton during Operation Clarence, and who claimed of having a link to an aide of a former Prime Minister and boasted about how he could smuggle indecent images from abroad? And, more importantly, why were the leads not followed up?
And on that note – what happened to all the correspondence they found? Where is it now?
Many perpetrators and those with links may no longer be alive, but there are plenty around who have the ability to answer questions. Who, if anyone, within the Conservative Party, have been called to give evidence to iiCSA regarding the infiltration of paedophiles in public life and explain what exactly was done about it? Mellor, Whittingdale and others can give first hand accounts, so will they? Are the Operation Clarence files still fully intact and have they been lodged with iiCSA? If not, why not?
NEWS ARTICLES
The Times, Sept 1995
A FORMER British Council worker, who sexually abused boys at his home, was sent to prison for nine months yesterday. Charles Napier, 48, was a treasurer of the Paedophile Information Exchange and had convictions for child abuse as far back as 1972, Kingston Crown Court was told.
Napier found a job with the British Council in Cairo after being banned from teaching jobs in British schools after a conviction for indecent assault. He was sacked when British Council officials discovered the offences.
He admitted in a pre-sentence report that he was still sexually attracted to boys, and had also expressed continuing sexual feelings for children in a recent letter, the jury was told.
During the two-week trial, the jurors heard that Napier, who had denied two charges of indecent assault between 1982 and 1985, had lured young boys back to his home in Thames Ditton, Surrey, with promises of boat trips and computer games. One victim, now 25, said Napier had befriended him when he played truant and had later lured him into his bed before sexually assaulting him. Napier had also been given probation as far back as 1972 after being found guilty of similar offences against young children.
Judge Geoffrey Mercer said: ”When these matters eventually came to light it led to the loss of your job abroad.” Information showed that Napier was a continuing threat to children. ”It clearly shows the continuing sexual attraction towards boys and it is clear from the pre-sentence report you do not deny that.” He would have passed a ”considerably greater” sentence had it not been for the fact that the offences had been committed before the maximum sentence had been increased to ten years.
Napier, who has been living abroad, was also ordered to pay Pounds 1,000 costs.
Charles Napier could provide vital evidence for police investigating a child abuse scandal spanning three decades
In the picturesque Dorset town of Sherborne, Charles Napier is an upstanding member of the community. He is known as a respected retired languages teacher, a playwright and theatre director. Only last month he gave a lecture on William Shakespeare at the town’s literary festival.
But Napier’s sordid past threatens to drag him into the heart of new inquiries into a child abuse scandal spanning three decades. Evidence now being examined by Metropolitan Police detectives links Napier to Peter Righton, one of Britain’s most high-profile paedophiles.
Righton is now long dead. But Napier is not. Now 68 and living with his mother in the West Country, he could prove a vital witness to the unfolding police inquiry into child abuse on a massive scale in this country. Both men were linked to a shadowy organisation called the Paedophile Information Exchange which campaigned in the 70s and 80s for what they called the age of “child love” to be reduced to four.
Righton was a founder of PIE, Napier its one-time treasurer. Righton, incredibly, was also one of Britain’s leading child protection specialists. But when police raided his house in Evesham, Worcs, in 1992 they found not only hard-core child abuse images from Amsterdam but a “quarter-century of correspondence” between paedophiles in Britain and around the world.
The probe led police to the kitchen of a flat in South London where they found a letter from ‘Napier – who had a child assault conviction 20 years before – boasting of his life in Cairo as a”British Council teacher. He bragged of easy access to young boys and how he could send obscene images back to Britain in diplomatic bags.
The scandal erupted again when Labour MP Tom Watson raised the matter with David Cameron in the House of Commons last month suggesting a network of paedophiles working in the UK had links to high levels of Government. He believes there was an Establishment cover-up of the Righton files and his claims are now being investigated by a Scotland Yard team.
Since Mr Watson’s first dramatic announcement, dozens of victims have come forward with allegations of shocking abuse by paedophiles at care homes across Britain. Several names of senior politicians have been put in the frame though, it has to be said, without any evidential corroboration. However, what is clear is that there are real concerns that more could and should have been done after Righton’s 1992 arrest and subsequent caution for indecent assault of a boy 30 years before.
Even Michael Hames, then head of Scotland Yard’s Obscene Publications Squad, who handled the Righton files expressed disappointment more was not done. Writing in 2000 of the Righton inquiry, he called for a national team to be set up to investigate paedophiles, adding: “I remain convinced that we have only touched the tip of a huge national and international problem.”
The story of Charles Napier is an extraordinary one that shows how a paedophile was able to operate with impunity while holding down a thoroughly respectable lifestyle. It illustrates how there was little or no safety net to prevent child abusers from returning to their sick ways. And it begins at Copthorne Preparatory School, West Sussex, in the late 60s.
This week, respected author and journalist Francis Wheen told the Sunday People how he was just 11 when Napier arrived at the school. He says Napier, then in is 20s, charmed the youngsters with his sports car, dashing good looks and claims that he was a professional actor.
Mr Wheen said: “He recruited a few of us, saying ‘spend more time in the gym’ and appointed himself gym master. There was a room off the gym and that became his haunt. Four or five of us started regularly going down there, vaulting over horses and things like that, in our gym shorts in all our innocence.
At the end of it he would take us into his room off the gym and give us beer and cigarettes – bottles of Mackeson’s and Senior Service untipped.
We thought this was terrifically exciting. Here we were, 11 years old, being given beer and fags – we were thinking he’s on our side not like any of the other masters. And of course this was for an ulterior purpose which very soon became clear when he stuck his hand down my gym shorts and I had to sort of fight him off.”
Napier then revealed his terrifying technique for grooming the youngsters by trying to humiliate the 11-year-old Francis.
Mr Wheen said: “He said ‘Don’t be such a baby’ and said I wasn’t grown-up enough for that sort of thing. He would point to a couple of other boys, saying ‘They let me do it. You just won’t let me because you’re so babyish.’
“I think he was hoping I’d say ‘no I’m as grown up as them’ and let him get on with it but I didn’t. It meant I was excluded from his ‘charmed circle’ after that – but by then I knew where he kept his beer and cigarettes so I used to break into his room, steal them and go sit in the woods.
“I could enjoy them without being sexually abused.”
Mr Wheen also described the culture of silence that grew up around the assaults, with youngsters reluctant to report the teacher, feeling they wouldn’t be believed.
He added: “A year or two after I left, my younger brother – who was still at the school – came back from holidays and told me Mr Napier had been sacked.
“At long last one boy who had been sexually molested had been innocent enough to go to the headmaster and report him.
“There was a very hasty exit made by Napier. He had a flashy sports car and as soon as the game was up, he roared off at speed and pranged it on the school gates. I think I got away quite lightly – I can’t pretend I’ve been scarred for life by it, but I’m sure there are children out there who have been badly damaged by Charles Napier.”
In 1972, Napier was found to have indecently assaulted pupils at a Surrey school where he was working. After being banned from teaching, he left the country.
In 1978, he was working in Sweden where he taught at a junior school with pupils as young as 11 – and was visited by Righton.
Napier later surfaced in Egypt, where he worked as the assistant head of studies with the British Council in Cairo.
A letter from the time saw him boast to a friend that the city was “full of boys, 98 per cent of them available”.
He also helped set up and run a school in Turkey. His picture appears on a website offering English as a Foreign Language, where he boasts: “Most of my posts have been in Europe, North Africa or the Middle East, and for the last eight years I’ve been in Istanbul, running my own school and writing a series of course books for Turkish students.”
Back in England, Napier was jailed for nine months in 1995 for sexually abusing a 14-year-old boy he’d lured to his home in the 80s. He befriended the lad, enticing him with lager and computer games – then abused him. Prosecutors said: “It wasn’t just a stranger grabbing a boy in the park. This was a slow insidious process. The boy was trapped – not forced.”
Righton, a founder member of PIE, was at one time the UK’s leading authority on the protection of children, yet he used his power to not only hide his paedophilia, but to help other child abusers – among them Napier.
The latter’s ban on teaching meant he was added to List 99, a precursor of the Sex Offenders’ Register. And Righton – the subject of a 1994 documentary on paedophiles – used his influence to try to have Napier removed from the list so he could be allowed back into schools. Righton wrote to the Department of Education saying: “Mr Napier is a gifted teacher of both adults and children.
“I believe that during the years since his conviction he has acquired a knowledge and disciplined mastery of himself which would justify the conclusion he no longer constitutes a sexual risk to children in his charge.
“It would give me great pleasure – and cause me no anxiety – to hear the Secretary of State had reviewed his decision of October 24, 1972, in Mr Napier’s favour.”
In 1981, the ban was relaxed to allow Napier into colleges and universities. In 1990 he applied for the ban to be further relaxed – this time enlisting Dr Malcolm (Morris) sic Fraser as his referee. Dr Fraser was convicted in 1992 for possessing indecent photographs of children. His third conviction saw him struck off – and Napier remained on the banned list.
Mr Wheen thought he’d seen the last of his former teacher but their paths crossed again in 1977, when he was commissioned to write an article about PIE and its desire to lower the age of consent. A senior group member told Mr Wheen: “You must speak to our treasurer. He’s very good. Very well informed about the issues.” Mr Wheen was astonished to discover the expert he was being put in touch with was his former teacher – now PIE’s treasurer – Charles Napier.
Mr Wheen added: “I didn’t really want to speak to him. I couldn’t believe what my old teacher had become.”
Napier declined to comment yesterday.
A man has been cleared of a charge of historical sex abuse after a judge said there was no evidence to support it.
Ex-teacher Charles Napier, from Sherborne, Dorset, denied inciting a boy under the age of 14 to commit an act of gross indecency with another.
The allegation dates back to between February 1978 and February 1979.
Mr Napier, half-brother of Conservative MP John Whittingdale, remains on conditional bail with regard to further charges of historical sex abuse.
The 67-year-old is due back at Southwark Crown Court on 10 November.
Judge Anthony Leonard QC said that he should be found not guilty of this one specific charge after he was told there was no evidence to support the claim.
Mr Napier’s co-defendant Richard Alston*, 69, of Vinery Road in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, pleaded not guilty to 10 counts of sex abuse against a child dating from January 1977 to February 1980, at the same hearing on Tuesday.
The charges include six counts of indecent assault on a male and four counts of indecency with a child.
His trial, which expected to last 10 days, was set for the same court on 17 August 2015, with a pre-trial hearing to be held on 20 July. He was released on conditional bail.
*Alston was Peter Righton’s partner. He was also a teacher.
The half-brother of a senior Conservative MP has pleaded guilty to a string of historic sex offences on young boys. Charles Napier, 67, who is related to Maldon MP John Whittingdale, admitted 28 indecent assault charges and one indecency offence on a child at London’s Southwark Crown Court.
Napier, of Newland in Sherborne, Dorset, admitted abusing 21 boys under the age of 16 between September 1967 and April 1972. Wearing glasses and dressed in a checked shirt with a tweed blazer, Napier said “guilty” as the court clerk read each of the charges to him. The court heard he faces a further two separate indecent assault charges involving two other boys, for which he has yet to enter pleas.
Napier was remanded in custody as Judge Nicholas Loraine-Smith adjourned sentencing to December 23. The judge said: “It will enable those victims who wish to be here to be alerted and they can be here.” One charge involved a boy who was indecently assaulted on eight occasions by Napier between September 1969 and April 1972. The indecency offence involved a child who was forced to commit a sex act on Napier, the court heard.
Napier was former treasurer of the Paedophile Information Exchange which campaigned in the 70s and 80s for what they called the age of ‘child love’ to be reduced to four. He also has links to Peter Righton – one of Britain’s most high-profile paedophiles.
Napier was arrested last year under Operation Cayacos, a strand of a wider investigation which was launched following claims by MP Tom Watson. In 2012, Mr Watson used parliamentary privilege to claim that a file of evidence used to convict Peter Righton of importing child pornography in 1992 contained “clear intelligence” of a sex abuse gang. He wrote to Scotland Yard, which launched criminal investigation Operation Fairbank. It has since spawned two more inquiries – Fernbridge, which is looking at claims linked to the Elm Guest House in Barnes, south west London, in the 1980s, and Cayacos.
When police raided Righton’s house in Evesham, Worcestershire, in 1992 they found hardcore child abuse images from Amsterdam and a ‘quarter-century of correspondence’ between paedophiles in Britain and around the world. The probe led police to the kitchen of a flat in south London where they found a letter from Napier, who was convicted in 1995 for sexually abusing a 14-year-old boy, boasting of his life in Cairo as a British Council teacher. He boasted of easy access to young boys and how he could send obscene images back to Britain in diplomatic bags. Napier has lived in Sweden and worked for the British council in Cairo and is a respected playwright and theatre director. Righton has since died.
Mr Whittingdale refused to comment when contacted about the guilty pleas. When his half-brother was charged, Mr Whittingdale said: “I am aware that my half-brother has been charged with an offence alleged to have occurred over 35 years ago. I have no knowledge of this, particularly as I had only just left school at that time. However, obviously I recognise that this is a serious matter and that the law must take its course.”
The half-brother of a senior Conservative MP has been jailed for 13 years for carrying out hundreds of sexual assaults on young boys.
Former teacher Charles Napier, 67, who is related to Maldon MP John Whittingdale, conducted a “campaign of abuse” at the school where he worked in the late 1960s and early 1970s, grooming and assaulting 21 victims as young as eight.
In November, he pleaded guilty to 28 counts of indecent assault – including many covering multiple incidents – and one indecency charge in relation to those crimes.
On Tuesday, he admitted two further historical allegations of indecent assault against two 13-year-old boys after he left the school, the first in 1979 and the second in 1983.
It was also revealed on Tuesday that he has twice previously been convicted of abuse against boys.
The court heard Napier’s offending was prolific, with more than 100 indecent assaults committed against 21 pupils aged between eight and 13 over a period of around two and a half years.
Referring to the scale of the abuse, Loraine-Smith said: “It must have been hundreds.”
Peter Clement, prosecuting, said: “The offences are characterised by a campaign of sexual abuse involving significant planning, grooming and abuse of many pupils.
“It was sexual abuse of particularly vulnerable victims. The defendant ensured each child’s compliance and silence through grooming to the extent that he abused several of the victims many, many times.
“The defendant abused the high degree of trust placed in him by his colleagues, the children’s parents and the children themselves and exploited his role for his own sexual gratification.”
The court heard Napier would give his victims treats including fizzy drinks and chocolate, often abusing them in a carpentry workshop, which, Clement said, “became something of his den”.
Napier told one victim “don’t be a baby” while another suffered “profound effects” from being repeatedly abused and attempted suicide later in life, the court heard.
Some pupils were targeted as often as once a week, with one boy alone said to have been abused more than 100 times.
Napier abused some victims in the presence of other children, the court heard.
On two occasions he made a boy perform oral sex on him, telling the child: “That’s what grown-ups do.”
If those two offences occurred today Napier would have been charged with rape, the court heard.
It emerged on Tuesday that one boy made a complaint that resulted in Napier pleading guilty to indecent assaults on five pupils not involved in this case in 1972. He was sentenced to a three-year probation order at the time.
In another case, he was jailed for nine months in 1995 after he was convicted of assaulting two children. The two victims contacted police after reading news coverage about their abuser’s arrest earlier this year.
Napier joined the school, which cannot be named, after leaving university. When he was arrested last year he told police he already knew then that he was a paedophile. He said he underwent electric shock treatment but it had no impact on his attraction to children.
The court heard that Napier told police he went on to join the Paedophile Information Exchange as treasurer after being dismissed from the school.
He said when interviewed that he felt “ghastly” and “desperately sorry”, telling officers: “I was a very young man, I was completely out of control and completely out of order, putting it about everywhere.”
Benjamin Hargreaves, defending, said his client was “genuinely remorseful” and “realises how appalling his actions were”.
He added: “He knows that he is responsible for a most serious and grave period [of offending] but he is no threat now.”
International Business Times: 24 Dec 2014
Convicted paedophile Charles Napier may have “vital” information to help uncover an alleged Westminster sex ring. Former teacher Napier, 67, sexually abused 23 boys over 15 years while a teacher and was also treasurer of the notorious Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE). This week Napier admitted 39 counts of indecent assault and one indecency charge on victims, all under 16-years-old. The trial heard he deliberately got a school job because it gave him access to boys to abuse.
Napier, whose half-brother is Conservative MP John Whittingdale, has been asked to disclose any information he may have about historical abuse scandals, such as the Elm Guest House case. It is alleged the guest house in south west London was used by powerful public figures such as former MP Cyril Smith, to sexually abuse youngsters during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Napier was on close terms with paedophile Peter Righton, who was the public face of PIE when the group was at the height of its power, and counted Labour politician, Harriet Harman, among its allies.
After Napier was handed a 13-year sentence, Peter Watt the national services director of children’s charity NSPCC, called on him to give up any information that could assist investigations into the alleged Westminster paedophile ring.
Watt said: “He was evidently linked to other convicted sex offenders, and may have vital information for the various police investigations into historical abuse that are underway. No stone must be left unturned in getting to the truth about the allegations of abuse at locations such as Elm Guest House and others.”
Condemning Napier, Judge Nicholas Loraine-Smith said: “When you applied for the post at the school, you already knew you were a paedophile. I have no doubt you sought that post because of the proximity you would have to boys. What you did has dramatically damaged their lives. The passage of time allows me to see just how gravely your actions have harmed some victims.”
FURTHER READING
scepticpeg 
In what city did Napier work in Sweden 1978?
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